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The pharmaceutical industry in Switzerland directly and indirectly employs about 135,000 people.〔Stephan Vaterlaus, Stephan Suter and Barbara Fischer, ("The Importance of the Pharmaceutical Industry for Switzerland" ), A study undertaken on behalf of Interpharma, September 2011.〕 It contributes to 5.7% of the gross domestic product of Switzerland and contributes to 30% of the country's exports.〔 Switzerland is home to many pharmaceutical companies, including very large groups, such as Novartis and Hoffmann-La Roche. In 2013, 41 life science companies had their international headquarters (and 29 more their regional headquarters) in Switzerland.〔〔 == History == * 1896: foundation of Hoffmann-La Roche.〔 Willy Boder, "Le grand chambardement de la pharma", ''Le Temps'', Monday 7 July 2014, page 17.〕 * 1933: foundation of Interpharma. * 1950s: Cilag merged with Janssen Pharmaceutica, into Janssen-Cilag. * 1996: Ciba-Geigy merged with Sandoz, with the pharmaceutical and agrochemical divisions of both staying together to form Novartis. Other Ciba-Geigy and Sandoz businesses were sold off, or, like Ciba Specialty Chemicals, were spun off as independent companies. The Sandoz brand disappeared for three years, but was revived in 2003 when Novartis consolidated its generic drugs businesses into a single subsidiary and named it Sandoz. * 1990: Hoffmann-La Roche owned a majority of Genentech.〔 It was to be completely integrated in 2009.〔 * 2000: Novartis divested its agrochemical and genetically modified crops business with the spinout of Syngenta, in partnership with AstraZeneca, which also divested its agrochemical business. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Pharmaceutical industry in Switzerland」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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